01 / Identify
Find the station that already sets the pace.
Walk the floor. Look for the pile of work, the idle people downstream, the machine that is never waiting for the next job. That is the bottleneck. You do not need a model to see it — you need to look at flow instead of utilisation.
02 / Exploit
Get everything you can from it, as it stands.
Before you buy another machine or hire another shift, stop wasting the one you have. The bottleneck should never be waiting for a decision, a missing part, or a job that is not ready. Protect its time as if it were the whole factory. Because, for throughput, it is.
03 / Subordinate
Make every other decision follow that pace.
This is the uncomfortable part, and the part that actually works. Upstream stops releasing work just to stay busy. Downstream stops being measured on local efficiency. Sales promises dates the bottleneck can keep. The whole plant takes its beat from one drum.
04 / Elevate — only then
Add capacity when the bottleneck is truly used up.
Most plants skip straight to this step: more people, more machines, more software. If you have not finished the first three, you are buying capacity you will waste. When the bottleneck really is fully exploited, then you raise it — and a new bottleneck will appear. That is normal. You repeat.